The biotic parts of the ecosystem, which include bacteria, flora and fauna, have a complex relationship with the abiotic components - changing one will lead to a change in the other.

Disturbance events can occur at many scales and different levels of severity, and some are natural parts of every ecosystem. Disturbance events can alter species composition, nutrient cycling ...

The author and editors take ultimate responsibility for the content. A blockchain ecosystem refers to the different parts that make up a blockchain network and how they interact. All serve a role ...

the value of whole systems is the sum of the values of their parts. Despite the dominance of aggregative approaches, no unified approach to valuing ecosystems has emerged. There is a split in the ...

The biotic parts of the ecosystem, which include bacteria, flora and fauna, have a complex relationship with the abiotic components - changing one will lead to a change in the other.