After all, people have been multiplying numbers ... algorithm relies on multidimensional FFTs. These gadgets are nothing new: the widely-used JPEG image format depends on 2-dimensional FFTs, and 3 ...

For example, an algorithm to add three numbers can have two steps ... compare multiplying 10 with itself thrice (i.e. 10^3) and multiplying 3 ten times (i.e. 3^10). The former is a polynomial ...

Even for computers, the long multiplication algorithm, defined as n to the power of, could reportedly take months if each number had a billion digits. But in a new paper published on the document ...