History & Background The Republic of Serbia (Srbija ) is located in southeastern Europe, not far from the Adriatic Sea. Bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, Croatia to the northwest, Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the east, the autonomous province of Kosovo and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the south, and Montenegro to the …

VUKOVAR. BIBLIOGRAPHY Vukovar is a city in eastern Croatia on the Danube River across from Serbia, in a county (or županija) called Vukovar-Srijem. It was the site of one of the fiercest battles during the 1991 war in Croatia and was more completely destroyed than was any other city during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia. Vukovar was also the scene of the first major war crime …

BLACK HAND The Black Hand, an underground nationalist organization whose official name was Union or Death, was founded in 1911 in Belgrade by a group of Serbian officers and civilians. The officers, who formed the nucleus of the organization, had become increasingly impatient with the Serbian government's cautious approach to the Serbian national question. They were …

Jun 8, 2018 · FRANCIS JOSEPH neo-absolutism dualist constitutionalism nationalism and (german) imperialism bibliography FRANCIS JOSEPH (1830–1916), emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916). Francis Joseph was born 18 August 1830 in Vienna and died 21 November 1916 in Vienna. Emperor of Austria from 2 December 1848 …

Murad I (mōōräd´), 1326?–1389, Ottoman sultan (1362?–1389), son and successor of Orkhan to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Murad widened the Ottoman hold on European territory, conquering Macedonia and making Adrianople his residence. Source for information on Murad I: The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. dictionary.

ALLIANCE SYSTEMbismarck's alliance systemrival alliance systemsthe alliance system and the outbreak of war Source for information on Alliance System: Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire dictionary.

Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania were to attain full independence, while Russia received substantial Turkish territory in Transcaucasia and Asia Minor, along with southern Bessarabia from Romania in exchange for Dobruja.

Turkey gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and additional territory on the Black Sea, opened the Dardanelles to all commercial vessels, granted autonomy to Serbia, promised autonomy for Greece, and allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia and Walachia until Turkey had paid a large indemnity.

May 11, 2018 · In 1912 Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro forced Turkey to give up Albania and Macedonia, leaving the area around Constantinople (Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe. The following year Bulgaria disputed with Serbia, Greece, and Romania for possession of Macedonia, which was partitioned between Greece and Serbia.

BALKANS, ISLAM IN THESince the late fourteenth century there have been Muslim communities in southeast Europe. For most of their history they were an important and integral part of the Ottoman Empire. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries when ethnic-based nation-states came to power in the Balkans, most of these Muslim communities lost prominence and some …