The present review paper will extend across the three major considerations in sensor fusion for AVs: Firstly, operating principles and characteristics of sensor modalities, including a comparison of commercially available hardware; secondly, the three aspects of sensor calibration, the main open-source calibration systems and their ...

Jan 1, 2022 · Thus sensors play a major role in decision making activity of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). In order to acquire more information related to the sensors, this paper analyses and summarizes different types of AV sensors based on their mandatory attributes.

The camera in AVs can be classified as either visible-light based or infrared-based depending upon the wavelength of the device. The camera uses image sensors built with two technologies that are charge-coupled device (CCD) and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) .

One of the major considerations in any AV system is the selection of the proper group of sensors and their optimal configuration, which will be utilized to mimic the human ability to sense and create a reliable picture of the surroundings.

The hardware architecture includes sensor, actuator and computing platform, and is built on an X‐by‐wire chassis. The software architecture includes environment perception, decision making and...

Shown in Fig. 1 is a high-level illustration of (a) data flow from various sensors to the sensor fusion core residing in a vehicle, also known as ADAS (advanced driver assistance system), and (b)...

Under ideal operating conditions, the perception systems (sensors onboard AVs) provide enough information to enable autonomous transportation and mobility. In practice,...

Choose a base object detection architecture; Implement or adapt the chosen architecture for multi-modal/multi-sensor inputs; Uncertainty Quantification: We can use Dirichlet distribution parameters for classification uncertainty and Inverse-Wishart distribution for bounding box regression uncertainty

Mar 4, 2025 · Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) integrate multiple subsystems to achieve safe and efficient navigation. This section analyzes the key components of AV architecture, sensor technologies, vehicle networking, and associated challenges.

Mar 12, 2025 · This review explores the architecture of AVs, focusing on perception, localization, path planning, and control. A detailed analysis of AV sensors, including LiDAR, radar, cameras, and inertial navigation systems, highlights their roles, advantages, and limitations.