For two-level logic implementation, we consider four logic gates i.e. AND Gate, OR Gate, NAND Gate, and NOR Gate. If we use one of these four gates at first level and one at the second level then we get a total of 16 combinations of two-level logic.

Process for NOR Implementation 1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design with AOI logic. 2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NOR equivalent. 3. Redraw the circuit. 4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions. (i.e. back-to-back inverters) 5. Redraw the final circuit. 26

Apr 2, 2024 · The implementation of Boolean functions by using logic gates involves connecting output of one logic gate to the input of another gate. Commonly used Logic Gates are: AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates. Let’s have a look into the logic gate implementation of SOP and POS forms of Boolean functions.

Derivation of a binary decision diagram (BDD). Figure 8.20. BDDs for the AND and OR functions.

Implementing Two-Level logic using NOR gate requires the Boolean expression to be in Product of Sum (POS) form. In Product of Sum form, 1 st level of the gate is OR gate and 2 nd level of the gate is AND gate.

• Understand how to use the breadboard to patch up, test your logic design and debug it. • Wire and operate logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR. • Understand how to implement simple circuits based on a schematic diagram using logic gates. Theoretical Theoretical BBackground:ackground:

For example, consider the CMOS inverter: For more complex digital CMOS gates (e.g., a 4-input OR gate), we find: 1) The PUN will consist of multiple inputs, therefore requires a circuit with multiple PMOS transistors. 2) The PDN will consist of multiple inputs, therefore requires a circuit with multiple NMOS transistors. V DD A Y=A PUN PDN

Ladder Logic Diagram Example 2 Task: Draw a ladder diagram that is equivalent to the following digital logic diagram C A B D E Y Y is on when (A is on, B is on and C is off ) or D is on, or E is off What is the Boolean logic expression? +

Synthesis – process of generating a logic circuit from an initial specification given in schematic diagram or HDL. It involves compiling or translating the design entry (eg. VHDL) into a set of logic expressions that describe the logic functions. Figure 2.29. A typical CAD system. Original standard was adopted in 1987 and called IEEE 1076.

Cover defines a particular implementation of the function. A number of different covers exist for a logic function. Example: A set of all minters for which f = 1 is a cover. A set of all prime implicants is a cover. Cost – the logic minimization criteria.