Instead of Circuit Theory, gain equations are extracted from a Signal Flow Graph (SFG) by Mason’s Gain Formula. Voltage Signal Analysis (VSA) creates a SFG from the Circuit Schematic. Both the ...

Signal flow graph . To construct the SFG we need models for an Impedance Z and an op-amp. Let’s do the easy one first. The op-amp schematic and SFG are shown below. Op amp schematic . Op amp signal ...