This paper presents a set of imperfectly symmetric measures based on a series of geometric transformation operations for quantitatively measuring the “amount” of symmetry of arbitrary shapes. The ...

ESA is preparing a mission to study and land on asteroid Apophis during its close encounter with Earth in 2029. NASA is also looking into a possible Apophis effort but faces funding issues.

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Cutting and packing problems arise in a variety of industries, including garment, wood and shipbuilding. Irregular shape packing is a special case which admits irregular items and is much more complex ...