and the 12 cranial nerves of the brain. These nerves are involved in smell, vision, pupil activity, eye movement, taste, hearing, swallowing, and movement of the face, neck, and shoulders.

The vagus nerve is a long, branching and meandering nerve that serves as an information superhighway. It is the longest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves.

Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the system of nerves and ganglia outside the ...

Primate cranial diversity is the product of alternative evolutionary compromises among competing structural and functional demands on the cranium within divergent primate lineages. Superimposed on ...