The year 1709 had already started badly. French peasants had been hit by poor harvests, taxes, and conscription for the War of the Spanish Succession. The cold snaps of late 1708 were as nothing ...

The medieval cathedral, with a tall, 14th-century octagonal tower, was left a ruin in 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The new cathedral, finished in the neoclassical style in 1781 ...

Learn how Francisco Franco used the tactics of colonial war to win control of Spain. Driven by a deeply conservative vision, he used torture, murder and incarceration to transform Spanish Society.