You can use the port to test digital TTL (transistor-to-transistor-logic)-level circuits. You just need to convert the TTL levels to RS-232 voltages, and you can add a multiplexer to increase the ...

When the probe tip is at logic 1, transistor T3 forward biases to cut-off transistor T4. But, this voltage should exceed 2.4V (normally TTL logic 1 is well above this voltage), this will cause a ...

Logic gates are typically manufactured using transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or CMOS technologies, each offering unique benefits. TTL uses bipolar junction transistors (BJT), incorporating both ...

Another series of bipolar transistor-based logic was the ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) series which ran on negative voltages, essentially operating ‘backwards’ compared to their standard TTL ...

The fun part about logic gates is that there are so many ways to make them, with each approach having its own advantages and disadvantages. Although these days transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is ...

ECL circuits typically have relatively small logic spans of approximately 800 mV. Because of the small span, to drive TTL circuits from ECL levels normally entails the use of level converters, such as ...

Each logic family has its peculiarities and can be used in different contexts, depending on the project’s needs. Some of the most widely used logic families are TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) and ...