Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

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Figure 1. Constellation plot for 64-QAM modulation (without the scaling factor of ) As can be seen from the above figure, there are three types of constellation points in a general M-QAM constellation ...