The closed-form expression for Q-function does not exist so it is necessary to develop its approximation in order to overcome the difficulties that might appear in diverse research areas. In this ...

Rational approximation: A method for estimating functions using ratios of polynomials, often providing higher accuracy with fewer computations compared to polynomial approximations alone.

Such work confirms the critical role of the Gaussian Q-function in bridging theoretical development with real-world application, especially in the design of next-generation (B5G) communication ...

This method trades mathematical precision for practical speed. The approximation typically lands within 2-4 degrees of the exact answer, perfectly adequate for most student scenarios.

Mathematics students face challenges with rational and irrational numbers. Understanding the principles and patterns ...

The authors proposed two hypotheses: first, that methamphetamine induces neuroinflammation, and second, that it alters neuronal stem cell differentiation. These are valuable hypotheses, and the ...

In this letter, we consider the application of max-plus-linear approximators for Q-function in offline reinforcement learning of discounted Markov decision processes. In particular, we incorporate ...

The authors investigated the potential role of IgG N-glycosylation in Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), which may offer significant insights for understanding molecular mechanisms and for ...

TwentyFour Income Fund - Final results for the year ended 31 March 2025 PR Newswire LONDON, United Kingdom, July 16 16 July 2025 TwentyFour Income Fund Limited Final results ...

Conventional vehicle suspension systems, often relying on integer-order models with fixed damping coefficients, struggle to deliver optimal performance across diverse an ...