In pulse position modulation, the amplitude and width of the pulses are kept constant, while the position of each pulse with reference to position of reference pulse, is changed according to the ...

Fig.1: NRZ signal (top) and eye diagram (bottom). Pulse amplitude modulation builds upon this concept by encoding data across multiple voltage levels. PAM4 uses four levels. A PAM4 signal can appear ...

At the lowest level is 00, followed by 01, 10, and 11, respectively. PAM4 indicates pulse-amplitude modulation, with the “4” indicating four levels of pulse modulation. PAM4 eye diagram. An eye ...