A microcontroller can switch a voltage divider on and off by means of a suitable PNP transistor placed on the high-side of the circuit. If the voltage on the high side of the circuit exceeds the ...

Table 1 shows how there are now nine possible combinations of the three microcontroller ports: the six available when using Charlieplexing to drive one LED at a time and three new combinations to ...

PWM Control of RGB lighting: As shown in this write-up, you can power multi-colored LED strips using a power NPN transistor or N-Channel MOSFET. While you can do this with a single LED using a ...

This practical instrument can be used to measure and record the characteristic curves of NPN and PNP bipolar transistors, N- and P-channel JFETs, and N- and P-channel MOSFETs. The circuit is based on ...

In a Darlington arrangement, transistor 1 or Q1 is usually of low power, high gain, whereas transistor 2 or Q2 is of high-power. In a Darlington arrangement, large output IC can be produced by using a ...

This project demonstrates how to control a motor in a single direction using a transistor as a switch. By utilizing a transistor, you can regulate the flow of current to the motor and control its ...

Figure 1. Typical load-switch circuit uses a low VCEsat PNP BJT in the load path (T1) and a general-purpose control transistor (T2). Another advantage of using a BJT is that it only requires a small ...

I find that circuit more useful than using a microcontroller interruption on edge falling, as slew rate and voltage drop threshold can be tuned with the components. About performance, some PNP ...

Curve tracers have been a staple in Elektor since 1979. This practical project from 2009 measures and records characteristic curves of NPN/PNP bipolar transistors, N-/P-channel JFETs, and MOSFETs.