The current-limiting resistors connect in parallel with the base and emitter of the added PNP transistors, and all the collectors connect to ground. If you set one of the microcontroller ports to zero ...

A microcontroller can switch a voltage divider on and off by means of a suitable PNP transistor placed on the high-side of the circuit. If the voltage on the high side of the circuit exceeds the ...

PWM Control of RGB lighting: As shown in this write-up, you can power multi-colored LED strips using a power NPN transistor or N-Channel MOSFET. While you can do this with a single LED using a ...

In a Darlington arrangement, transistor 1 or Q1 is usually of low power, high gain, whereas transistor 2 or Q2 is of high-power. In a Darlington arrangement, large output IC can be produced by using a ...

This project demonstrates how to control a motor in a single direction using a transistor as a switch. By utilizing a transistor, you can regulate the flow of current to the motor and control its ...

This practical instrument can be used to measure and record the characteristic curves of NPN and PNP bipolar transistors, N- and P-channel JFETs, and N- and P-channel MOSFETs. The circuit is based on ...

I find that circuit more useful than using a microcontroller interruption on edge falling, as slew rate and voltage drop threshold can be tuned with the components. About performance, some PNP ...

This practical instrument can be used to measure and record the characteristic curves of NPN and PNP bipolar transistors, N- and P-channel JFETs, and N- and P-channel MOSFETs. The circuit is based on ...