The closed-loop ac analysis uses the same models as the open-loop version. The only difference is that, in closed-loop analysis, an ac source feeds the input, and a low-value resistor closes the loop.

There are many ways to analyze circuits. Circuit interaction can make the analysis difficult. One way to simplify the procedure is to reduce the circuit to a simpler form. If the circuit has multiple ...

Radiation-hardened phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits represent a critical advancement in safeguarding electronic systems against the deleterious effects of ionising radiation.