Donald P. Ballou, Harold L. Pazer, Modeling Data and Process Quality in Multi-Input, Multi-Output Information Systems, Management Science, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Feb., 1985), pp. 150-162 Free online reading ...

They often have similar routines or steps, generate a wealth of data, and produce measurable outputs.” While human staff sections engaged in the operations process might perceive this data ...