In contrast, hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes) involves upper motor neurons that make up the central nervous system comprised of the brain and spinal cord. Causes of hyporeflexia include ...

Diagnosis of serotonin syndrome is based on clinical presentation and history of serotonergic-agent use. No laboratory or radiological test is available to confirm the diagnosis. Sternbach (1991 ...

Post-micturition residuals were noted in 74% of the patients. EMG cystometry showed detrusor hyperreflexia in 56%, low compliance in 31%, atonic curve in 5%, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 45%, and ...

Medial reticulospinal hyperexcitability may play a central role in spasticity, as it can result in elevated spinal motor neuron excitability and hyperreflexia. These adaptations may explain ...

The most commonly used medications to treat OAB have anticholinergic properties. Anticholinergics are competitive inhibitors of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors (mainly the M3 receptor ...

Mitochondria are essential organelles for neuronal function and cell survival. Besides the well-known bioenergetics, additional mitochondrial roles in calcium signaling, lipid biogenesis, regulation ...