Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

The modulation order is the number of distinct symbols or states that a modulation scheme can represent. For example, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) has two symbols, 0 and 1, while 16-QAM has 16 ...

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In this research article Bit Error Rate for Different modulation techniques is analysed and compared for an AWGN channel with respect to Signal to Noise Ratio ...

2. The QPSK signal can be expressed in several ways including phasors (a), a table (b), or a constellation diagram (c). This technique can also be used to produce even higher levels of modulation ...

We derive a closed-form expression for the bit-error rate of binary digital modulation schemes in a generalized fading channel that is modeled by the three-para ...

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The most significant advantage of PAM4 is the increase in data rate. The data rate of a PAM4 signal is equal to twice the baud rate, or symbol rate, as each “symbol” contains two bits. Therefore, you ...

NHK has been studying a multi-level coded modulation scheme for expanding satellite transmission capacity. It can bring out the transmission performance of multi-level modulation scheme by ...

⚙️ How It Works BPSK Modulation: Input bits (0 or 1) are modulated into symbols (-1 or +1). Noise Addition: Gaussian noise is added to simulate channel imperfections. Decision Process: Receiver makes ...