Stepper motors are a mainstay in precision control systems, valued for their simple open-loop operation and high torque at ...

A few weeks ago, I installed an automatic water heater switch to my bathroom, but it was a crude device. What I really want to do is design a universal heater driver. That basic idea can be adapted to ...

[Hyperspace Pirate] does an excellent job of explaining the math and control theory behind the system. He implemented a PD-controller (PID without the integral) on an Arduino, which receives the ...

The input driver to the system is an RC servo that ... we’ve seen that done with an Arduino, too. PID is integral — sorry — to flight control systems and self-balancing robots, too.