but it can be expensive to label it. Instead, researchers can use the unlabeled data as a warm-up for the machine-learning algorithm. This warm-up, or pretraining, primes the algorithm to find a ...

Categorical data refers to variables that contain label values ... is a crucial step in data preprocessing. By converting categorical data into a numeric format, machine learning models can ...

The study begins by identifying key deficiencies in traditional spam filtering systems. Classic rule-based methods and machine learning classifiers such as Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVM), ...