Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol, which resides at layers 3 and 4. To understand network communications, it is essential to learn about the ...

Central to this layer is the concept of exclusive network addresses, where every terminal connected to the network has its own uniquely assigned address. One of the most common protocols in this ...

The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) serves as the backbone of modern networking, defining how data is transmitted across interconnected networks. It consists of four ...

TCP/IP also is a layered protocol but does not use all of the OSI layers, though the layers are equivalent in operation and function (Fig. 2). The network access layer is equivalent to OSI layers ...