Physical Structure of Management Information System. ... It runs the core program that calls up data from the database and performs the necessary calculations.

Relational database management systems (RDBMS) rely on an optimizer (or relational optimizer) that transforms SQL statements into executable code. Before any SQL statement can be run by the RDBMS, the ...

However, the hierarchical database management system has its own set of pros and cons. The data is easier to access and update because of its model structure but adding a new field or record is ...