Knowing what makes up the physical structure of a management information system gives you insight ... the core program that calls up data from the database and performs the necessary calculations.

Relational database management systems (RDBMS ... The optimizer next examines statistics stored in the system catalog to determine the best method of accomplishing the tasks necessary to satisfy the ...

However, the hierarchical database management system has its own set of pros and cons. The data is easier to access and update because of its model structure but adding a new field or record is ...