The PWM controller circuit uses PWM IC KA 3225 or LM 494 .These ICs have internal circuits for the entire operation of the pulse width modulation. The Oscillator circuit to generate the switching ...

One popular way to reconstruct analog signals in microcontrollers (µCs) is through pulse width modulation (PWM ... Figure 1 shows the first order SDM block diagram and Figure 2 shows the assembler ...