by controlling the switching-on time of the driving transistor. The control program stored in the memory of the 8051 microcontroller generates this signal. The control program (see the listing ...

The current-limiting resistors connect in parallel with the base and emitter of the added PNP transistors, and all the collectors connect to ground. If you set one of the microcontroller ports to zero ...

Unijunction transistors (UJTs ... to create a ramp. Inexpensive microcontrollers include high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), but high-resolution DACs are expensive peripheral ...