In 1977 the ISO model was introduced, which consisted of seven different layers. This model has been criticized because of its technicality and limited features and never met the goal of becoming ...

Protocols are systems of rules. Network protocols are systems of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data over a network. Groups of protocols work in a layered system. Protocols at one ...

The Application layer is the last layer of OSI model. It is responsible for some of the famous protocols like HTTP, SNMP, SMTP, Telnet etc. Know in detail ...

Home / More / What is / Physical Layer Of OSI Model: Working Functionalities and Protocols What is By Amar Shekhar April 7, 2016 March 12, 2017 Updated on March 12, 2017 ...

Other Protocols There are other incidental protocols that you'll run into from time to time. The three most common of these would be Remote Procedure Call (RPC), used by Pre-E2K Exchange boxes, X.400, ...

Especially the attempts of cross-layer optimization break the boundaries of the original layer scheme. Describing the actual layer concept with implemented systems is not always easy to do as most of ...

In contrast, the OSI model is largely an abstraction of actual network protocols. It is a theoretical model that presents descriptions of the different tasks undertaken to enable data transmission.

According to the OSI Model, the session layer is where connections are established, managed, and torn down. For connection-oriented network protocols, understanding how the session layer works ...