The first program anyone writes for a microcontroller is the blinking ... See the internal diagram of the GPIO circuit for the ATmega328 for reference. Simply put, each GPIO has a latch connected ...

The prototype is an LED and a light-sensitive transistor ... logic circuits up to beefy motors with an H-bridge circuit. First, the motors may require a voltage that would fry your microcontroller ...

When the need arises to convert voltage readings from an analog sensor into a pulse train, a low-end microcontroller offers ... with a basic digital or GPIO input. The output operating range ...