It has, however, long been an ambition among some engineers to change that, and to process ... known as logic gates. A logic gate works by creating a particular output from a given input.

Computers use transistor-based logic ... the output of one gate can be the input of the next gate, hierarchical Boolean networks can be established to compute answers to complex questions.

The optoelectronic logic element AND, OR and XOR is considered, the output signal of which can be inverted when the input control signal is applied, thereby converting the logic element into NAND, NOR ...