A Spanish colony since the 15 th century, following Christopher Columbus’s conquest of America ... reason for the failure of ...

The current American attitudes in the light of US history ...

The Philippines and Puerto Rico are part of a transoceanic archipelago of colonies that continued under Spanish rule throughout the 19th century, long after the Latin American wars of independence.

The theory of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), and the high tariffs that went with it, brought about economic dysfunction and stagnation to the region.