In this paper, structural demand for the precast concrete tunnel lining (PCTL) segments of Toronto’s 60-year-old subway tunnels is investigated. Numerical modelling was conducted using FLAC3D, a ...

This paper describes the load flow analysis and its solution in alternative tools using physical and block diagrams. Usually, each load flow problem is defined for one phase only and solved by the ...

In this paper, structural demand for the precast concrete tunnel lining (PCTL) segments of Toronto’s 60-year-old subway tunnels is investigated. Numerical modelling was conducted using FLAC3D, a ...