Chemical Engineering flowchart showing sample course plans based on the year the student begins.

In this state, the main flow of fluid exhibited a wavelike meandering motion, oscillating only vertically, perpendicular to the wall, which significantly boosted the heat transfer efficiency.

In determining the heat flow, the increase in temperature with depth, referred to as the geothermal gradient and the thermal conductivity are measured.

However, the uneven circumferential heat transfer caused by the secondary flow was seldom reported, while the pressure drops and heat transfer characteristics of helical tubes under single-phase and ...