Hardwired and microprogrammed control units. Virtual, sequential and cache memories. Input-output systems, communication and bus control. Multiple CPU systems.

Design and understanding of the computer system as a whole unit. Performance Evaluation and its role in computer system design; Instruction Set Architecture design, Datapath design and optimizations ...

The new software-defined vehicle architecture should first appear ... beginning originally with a little black box called an engine control unit. Soon, more black boxes started appearing, each ...