The external magnet counteracted the free diffusion of the particles and established a steady-state nanoparticle concentration gradient (Fig. 1e). Neglecting interparticle interactions, the local ...

Revise the structures of cells and the difference between diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Study the factors that affect enzyme action.

Temperature, reactant concentration, size of solid reactant particles (surface area) and catalysts can all affect the reaction rate. Part of Combined Science Further chemical reactions, rates and ...

Rick A. Reynolds, Dariusz Stramski, Griet Neukermans, Optical backscattering by particles in Arctic seawater and relationships to particle mass concentration, size distribution, and bulk composition, ...