1856 - 1874 China’s loss of control over its own seaports (Treaty Ports) including British regulation of Chinese emigration -- is the necessary condition for the beginning of the Chinese Coolie ...

(1941). Vreemde Oosterlingen. Deventer: Van Hoeve. Klaveren, M. van (1997). ‘Death among coolies: Mortality of Chinese and Javanese labourers on Sumatra in the early years of recruitment, 1882–1909’, ...

FORGOTTEN HISTORY Chinese Slaves in America Posted: January 27, 2025 | Last updated: January 29, 2025 The term “coolie” is commonly associated with Chinese Americans depicted as an involuntary ...

Narrator The second part of the ANCESTORS IN THE AMERICAS series unfolds with the arrival of Chinese on the West Coast during the Gold Rush, not as coolies laboring in the bleak outposts of the ...