The backpropagation (BP) algorithm is a one of the most common algorithms used in the training of neural networks. The single offspring technique (SOFT algorithm) is a new technique (see Likartsis, A.

A novel backpropagation algorithm based on negated kurtosis loss for training shallow, convolutional, and deep neural networks The conventional backpropagation (BP) algorithm remains the most widely ...

Spike-Based Gradient Descent Backpropagation Algorithm. The spike-based BP algorithm in SNN is adapted from standard BP (Rumelhart et al., 1985) in the ANN domain. In standard BP, the network ...

In Neural Networks NN, the BackPropagation BP algorithm is still the approach of preference for training large networks. BP is a supervised learning method used by MLP for training. It is a gradient ...